Sodom and Gomorrah, Texas — Background and Themes
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The catalog record for Sodom and Gomorrah, Texas — Background and Themes provides practical reading context through 5,686 words, 25 min estimated reading time, and 1 detected text section.
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Project Gutenberg metadata also associates the work with “Fantasy fiction,” connecting these edition facts with the source record’s subject description.
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_The place called Sodom was bad enough. But right down the road was the other town--and that was even worse!_
Sodom and Gomorrah, Texas
Illustrated by RITTER
Manuel shouldn't have been employed as a census taker. He wasn't qualified. He couldn't read a map. He didn't know what a map was. He only grinned when they told him that North was at the top.
But he did write a nice round hand, like a boy's hand. He knew Spanish, and enough English. For the sector that was assigned to him he would not need a map. He knew it better than anyone else, certainly better than any mapmaker. Besides, he was poor and needed the money.
They instructed him and sent him out. Or they thought that they had instructed him. They couldn't be sure.
"Count everyone? All right. Fill in everyone? I need more papers."
"We will give you more if you need more. But there aren't so many in your sector."
"Lots of them. _Lobos_, _tejones_, _zorros_, even people."
"Only the _people_, Manuel! Do not take the animals. How would you write up the animals? They have no names."
"Oh, yes. All have names. Might as well take them all."
"Only people, Manuel."
"No, Manuel, no. Only the people."
"No trouble. Might as well take them all."
"Only people--God give me strength!--only people, Manuel."
"How about little people?"
"Children, yes. That has been explained to you."
"_Little_ people. Not children, little people."
"If they are people, take them."
"How big they have to be?"
"It doesn't make any difference how big they are. If they are people, take them."
That is where the damage was done.
The official had given a snap judgement, and it led to disaster. It was not his fault. The instructions are not clear. Nowhere in all the verbiage does it say how big they have to be to be counted as people.
Manuel took Mula and went to work. His sector was the Santa Magdalena, a scrap of bald-headed and desolate mountains, steep but not high, and so torrid in the afternoons that it was said that the old lava sometimes began to writhe and flow again from the sun's heat alone.
In the center valley there were five thousand acres of slag and vitrified rock from some forgotten old blast that had melted the hills and destroyed their mantle, reducing all to a terrible flatness. This was called Sodom. It was strewn with low-lying ghosts as of people and objects, formed when the granite bubbled like water.
Away from the dead center the ravines were body-deep in chaparral, and the hillsides stood gray-green with old cactus. The stunted trees were lower than the giant bushes and yucca.
Manuel went with Mula, a round easy man and a sparse gaunt mule. Mula was a mule, but there were other inhabitants of the Santa Magdalena of a genus less certain.
Yet even about Mula there was an oddity in her ancestry. Her paternal grandfather had been a goat. Manuel once told Mr. Marshal about this, but Mr. Marshal had not accepted it.
"She is a mule. Therefore, her father was a jack. Therefore his father was also a jack, a donkey. It could not be any other way."
Manuel often wondered about that, for he had raised the whole strain of animals, and he remembered who had been with whom.
"A donkey! A jack! Two feet tall and with a beard and horns. I always thought that he was a goat."
Manuel and Mula stopped at noon on Lost Soul Creek. There would be no travel in the hot afternoon. But Manuel had a job to do, and he did it. He took the forms from one of the packs that he had unslung from Mula, and counted out nine of them. He wrote down all the data on nine people. He knew all there was to know about them, their nativities and their antecedents. He knew that there were only nine regular people in the nine hundred square miles of the Santa Magdalena.
But he was systematic, so he checked the list over again and again. There seemed to be somebody missing. Oh, yes, himself. He got another form and filled out all the data on himself.
Now, in one way of looking at it, his part in the census was finished. If only he had looked at it that way, he would have saved worry and trouble for everyone, and also ten thousand lives. But the instructions they had given him were ambiguous, for all that they had tried to make them clear.
R. A. Lafferty's 1962 story opens with a census taker who is spectacularly unsuited for his job. Manuel cannot read a map, does not know what a map is, and grins when told north is at the top. Yet he writes a nice round hand, knows Spanish, and knows his sector better than any mapmaker. The official who hires him makes a snap judgment when asked how big people have to be to count as people, answering, "If they are people, take them." That answer, the narrator notes, leads to disaster.
The setting is the Santa Magdalena, a desolate mountain scrap with a central valley of slag and vitrified rock called Sodom. The landscape is strewn with low-lying ghosts formed when granite bubbled like water. Manuel rides Mula, a mule whose paternal grandfather was a goat—a detail the local Mr. Marshal refuses to accept. The story's catalog subjects list it as fantasy fiction and demographic survey fiction, but the excerpts show Lafferty using the census premise to explore classification itself.
A Census Taker Who Cannot Read a Map
The excerpts establish Manuel's character through his interaction with the official. He does not know what a map is, and when told north is at the top, he knows better. He writes a nice round hand, like a boy's hand, and speaks Spanish and enough English. The official instructs him to count only people, but Manuel repeatedly asks about animals: lobos, tejones, zorros, mulos, conejos. Each time the official says no. Then Manuel asks about "little people," not children. The official, exasperated, says if they are people, take them. This exchange is the hinge of the story.
Lafferty's narrator comments that the official gave a snap judgment, and it led to disaster. The instructions are not clear: nowhere does it say how big they have to be to be counted as people. The story thus turns on a bureaucratic ambiguity, not a supernatural event. The excerpts do not reveal what Manuel finds, but the tension is set.
The Landscape of Sodom and Gomorrah
The Santa Magdalena is described as a scrap of bald-headed and desolate mountains, steep but not high, so torrid in the afternoons that old lava sometimes begins to writhe and flow again from the sun's heat alone. In the center valley are five thousand acres of slag and vitrified rock from some forgotten old blast that melted the hills and reduced all to a terrible flatness. This is called Sodom. It is strewn with low-lying ghosts as of people and objects, formed when the granite bubbled like water.
Away from the dead center, ravines are body-deep in chaparral, and hillsides stand gray-green with old cactus. Stunted trees are lower than giant bushes and yucca. The place is named after the biblical cities of sin, but the destruction here is geological, not divine. The narrator calls it a forgotten old blast, leaving the cause ambiguous. The ghosts are not spirits but shapes in the rock, a natural phenomenon rendered eerie by the naming.
Mula the Mule and the Genus Problem
Manuel's mule, Mula, is described as a round easy man and a sparse gaunt mule. The narrator notes an oddity in her ancestry: her paternal grandfather had been a goat. Manuel once told Mr. Marshal about this, but Mr. Marshal did not accept it. The narrator explains: "She is a mule. Therefore, her father was a jack. Therefore his father was a jack." The logic is circular, and the claim of a goat grandfather is left unresolved.
This detail echoes the story's central question of classification. If a mule can have a goat grandfather, then the boundaries between species are porous. The official's instruction to count only people becomes impossible when the definition of "people" is unclear. The excerpts do not reveal what Manuel finds, but the mule's ancestry suggests that the story's world operates on different taxonomic rules. The reader is left to wonder what other beings might be counted.
Lafferty's story uses the mundane framework of a census to question how we define humanity. The excerpts offer no resolution, only the setup: a flawed census taker, a landscape marked by past catastrophe, and a mule with improbable lineage. Readers should attend to the precise wording of instructions and the narrator's asides, which carry the story's weight. The fantasy here is not in magical creatures but in the literal application of rules to a world that resists neat categories.
Manuel’s map-blindness stays with me—how a person can be so careful and still mistake a ghost for a neighbor. It reminded me of another quiet haunting, the one in The Woman in Black — Story, Setting & Ideas, where the marsh itself seems to hold its breath. Both books ask what we owe the unseen, and I still think about that census form, unfinished.
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